Coccidiosis
Traditional treatment
Toltrazuril,
Sulphonamides and Amprolium are coccidiostats which are used in conventional
broiler farming. Coccidiostats is an antiprotozoal agent that act upon
coccidiosis parasites. Coccidiosis parasites can become resistant against coccidiastats,
therefor farmers should regularly change coccidiostat agents. Shuttle or
rotation programmes are used. A shuttle program is a program where different
coccidiostats with different mechanisms of action are used. A rotation program
is a program where different coccidiastats are changed between rounds or
flocks. (1)
Toltrazuril
Toltrazuril, a thiazinetrione, is intended for use in chickens and turkeys for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis. A thiazine is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. A heterocyclic compound is an atom that contains at least two different elements as member of its ring.
(10,11) Besides thiazine, toltrazuril consist of the elements oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and fluor.
'Toltrazuril causes changes in the fine structure of coccidian development stages that are mainly due to a swelling of the endoplasmatic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus and to abnormalities in the peri-nuclear space, disturbances in nuclear division. Toltrazuril leads to a reduction of enzymes of the respiratory chain of the parasites.’(The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) (12) Toltrazuril is used for the treatment of coccidiosis and is only for veterinary use. Toltrazuril is administered through feed or water. The withdrawal period for Toltrazuril is 14 days. (13)
Toltrazuril, a thiazinetrione, is intended for use in chickens and turkeys for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis. A thiazine is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. A heterocyclic compound is an atom that contains at least two different elements as member of its ring.
(10,11) Besides thiazine, toltrazuril consist of the elements oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and fluor.
'Toltrazuril causes changes in the fine structure of coccidian development stages that are mainly due to a swelling of the endoplasmatic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus and to abnormalities in the peri-nuclear space, disturbances in nuclear division. Toltrazuril leads to a reduction of enzymes of the respiratory chain of the parasites.’(The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) (12) Toltrazuril is used for the treatment of coccidiosis and is only for veterinary use. Toltrazuril is administered through feed or water. The withdrawal period for Toltrazuril is 14 days. (13)
Sulphonamide
Sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulphonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulphonamide group. (14) Sulphonamide is used to treat caecal coccidiosis, Eimeria tenella, in chickens. Sulphonamide is administered through feed or water. (15) The withdrawal period of sulphonamide is 5 days. (16)
Sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulphonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulphonamide group. (14) Sulphonamide is used to treat caecal coccidiosis, Eimeria tenella, in chickens. Sulphonamide is administered through feed or water. (15) The withdrawal period of sulphonamide is 5 days. (16)
Amprolium
Amprolium does not have a withdrawal period. (15) Amprolium is used against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix, besides those two Eimeria species had Amprolium some activity against Eimeria maxima. Amprolium is an analogue of thiamine, which is a water-soluble vitamin of the B1-complex. It is in competition with the active transport of thiamine by coccidia, that this vitamin needs to multiply itself in the intestines of poultry. The strong efficacy of amprolium against coccidiosis is due to the high affinity of the thiamine transport of coccidia. This affinity is fifty times higher than the system of poultry. However, it does allow amprolium contact with first generation schizonts. This allows the host to develop a natural immunity. (11)
Amprolium does not have a withdrawal period. (15) Amprolium is used against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix, besides those two Eimeria species had Amprolium some activity against Eimeria maxima. Amprolium is an analogue of thiamine, which is a water-soluble vitamin of the B1-complex. It is in competition with the active transport of thiamine by coccidia, that this vitamin needs to multiply itself in the intestines of poultry. The strong efficacy of amprolium against coccidiosis is due to the high affinity of the thiamine transport of coccidia. This affinity is fifty times higher than the system of poultry. However, it does allow amprolium contact with first generation schizonts. This allows the host to develop a natural immunity. (11)
List of sources
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3. -. (2014). E. maxima. Available: http://www.baycox.es/74/Eimeria_maxima.htm. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
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9. -. (2014). E. necatrix . Available: http://www.baycox.es/76/Eimeria_necatrix.htm. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
10. -. (2014). Triazine. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazine. Last accessed 8 May 2014.
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12. EMEA. (1998). COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS TOLTRAZURIL SUMMARY REPORT (1). Available: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015623.pdf. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
13. -. (-). Middelen tegen coccidiën. Available: http://www.cbip-vet.be/nl/texts/NAPOOOL1AL2i.php#tol. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
14. -. (2014). Sulfonamide (medicine). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_%28medicine%29. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
15. C. Horton-Smith, E. Boyland. (1946). Sulphonamides in the treatment of caecal coccidiosis of chickens. Britisch Journal of Pharmacology. - (-), p. 139-152.
16. -. (2014). Overview of Coccidiosis in Poultry. Available: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/coccidiosis/overview_of_coccidiosis_in_poultry.html#v3340210. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
17. Maria Groot, Tedje van Asseldonk, Ineke Puls-van der Kamp (September 2010). Stalboekje Pluimvee: Natuurlijk gezond met kruiden en andere natuurproducten. 2nd ed. Wageningen: RIKILT-Wageningen UR. p17-18.
18. -. (2014). Enteroguard. Available: http://www.orffa.com/site/products-essential-oils-enteroguard-uk. Last accessed 4 June 2014.
19. -. (2014). Excential Alliin Plus. Available: http://www.excentials.com/site/exc-products-excential-alliin-uk?OpenDocument&nav=list. Last accessed 4 June 2014.
20. -. ([undate]). Cocciban. Available: http://www.indianherbs.org/CocciBan.htm. Last accessed 3 June 2014.
21. A. Lourens, A.W. Jongbloed . (2008). Effect van kruiden en kuikenkwaliteit op de respons van biologische leghenkuikens na een coccidiosebesmetting. Available: http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1884865.pdf. Last accessed 2 May 2014.
22. -. (2014). Toltrazuril. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltrazuril. Last accessed 8 May 2014.
23. -. (2014). File:METHOXYBENZENE- SULPHONAMIDE.png. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:METHOXYBENZENE-_SULPHONAMIDE.png. Last accessed 8 May 2014.
24. -. (2014). Threats to Avian Intestinal Integrity . Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2686/threats-to-avian-intestinal-integrity. Last accessed 29 May 2014.
25. -. (2008). Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Poultry Diseases. Available: http://www.bio-analyze.com/standarddiagnostics.htm. Last accessed 29 May 2014.
26. -. ([undate]). Ropadiar Solution. Available: http://www.ropapharm.com/nl/products/id/5/Ropadiar+Solution. Last accessed 3 June 2014.
27. Datasheets obtained from the supplier of Cleanactiv 500, Trouw Nutrition Nederland.
2. -. (2014). Coccidiosis, Upper Intestinal, E acervulina . Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/diseaseinfo/38/coccidiosis-upper-intestinal-e-acervulina. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
3. -. (2014). E. maxima. Available: http://www.baycox.es/74/Eimeria_maxima.htm. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
4. -. (2014). Coccidiosis, Caecal, E tenella . Available: http://www. -caecal-e-tenella. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
5. -. (2014). E. tenella. Available: http://www.baycox.es/77/Eimeria_tenella.htm. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
6. -. (2014). E. brunetti. Available: http://www.baycox.es/75/Eimeria_brunetti.htm. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
7. -. (2014). Coccidiosis, Ileorectal, E brunetti . Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/diseaseinfo/34/coccidiosis-ileorectal-e-brunetti. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
8. -. (2014). Coccidiosis, Mid-intestinal, E necatrix . Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/diseaseinfo/37/coccidiosis-midintestinal-e-necatrix. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
9. -. (2014). E. necatrix . Available: http://www.baycox.es/76/Eimeria_necatrix.htm. Last accessed 1 May 2014.
10. -. (2014). Triazine. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazine. Last accessed 8 May 2014.
11. -. (-). Het gebruik van Amprolium ter bestrijding van coccidiose bij pluimvee. Available: http://www.dopharma.com/files/1/downloads/10022947.pdf. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
12. EMEA. (1998). COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS TOLTRAZURIL SUMMARY REPORT (1). Available: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015623.pdf. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
13. -. (-). Middelen tegen coccidiën. Available: http://www.cbip-vet.be/nl/texts/NAPOOOL1AL2i.php#tol. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
14. -. (2014). Sulfonamide (medicine). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_%28medicine%29. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
15. C. Horton-Smith, E. Boyland. (1946). Sulphonamides in the treatment of caecal coccidiosis of chickens. Britisch Journal of Pharmacology. - (-), p. 139-152.
16. -. (2014). Overview of Coccidiosis in Poultry. Available: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/coccidiosis/overview_of_coccidiosis_in_poultry.html#v3340210. Last accessed 3 May 2014.
17. Maria Groot, Tedje van Asseldonk, Ineke Puls-van der Kamp (September 2010). Stalboekje Pluimvee: Natuurlijk gezond met kruiden en andere natuurproducten. 2nd ed. Wageningen: RIKILT-Wageningen UR. p17-18.
18. -. (2014). Enteroguard. Available: http://www.orffa.com/site/products-essential-oils-enteroguard-uk. Last accessed 4 June 2014.
19. -. (2014). Excential Alliin Plus. Available: http://www.excentials.com/site/exc-products-excential-alliin-uk?OpenDocument&nav=list. Last accessed 4 June 2014.
20. -. ([undate]). Cocciban. Available: http://www.indianherbs.org/CocciBan.htm. Last accessed 3 June 2014.
21. A. Lourens, A.W. Jongbloed . (2008). Effect van kruiden en kuikenkwaliteit op de respons van biologische leghenkuikens na een coccidiosebesmetting. Available: http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1884865.pdf. Last accessed 2 May 2014.
22. -. (2014). Toltrazuril. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltrazuril. Last accessed 8 May 2014.
23. -. (2014). File:METHOXYBENZENE- SULPHONAMIDE.png. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:METHOXYBENZENE-_SULPHONAMIDE.png. Last accessed 8 May 2014.
24. -. (2014). Threats to Avian Intestinal Integrity . Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2686/threats-to-avian-intestinal-integrity. Last accessed 29 May 2014.
25. -. (2008). Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Poultry Diseases. Available: http://www.bio-analyze.com/standarddiagnostics.htm. Last accessed 29 May 2014.
26. -. ([undate]). Ropadiar Solution. Available: http://www.ropapharm.com/nl/products/id/5/Ropadiar+Solution. Last accessed 3 June 2014.
27. Datasheets obtained from the supplier of Cleanactiv 500, Trouw Nutrition Nederland.