Clawdiseases
The
following infectious clawdiseases will be decribed; digital dermatitis,
interdigital dermatitis and interdigital phlegmon.
Lameness is one of the most important health problems in dairy cows. Lameness in cows results in poor performance and substantial economic loss. Approximately 90% of lameness involves the lower leg and of these 90% involve the hind legs. The most frequent causes of lameness are: Laminitis, Digital dermatitis, Interdigital dermatitis, Interdigital phlegmon. (13)
Lameness is one of the most important health problems in dairy cows. Lameness in cows results in poor performance and substantial economic loss. Approximately 90% of lameness involves the lower leg and of these 90% involve the hind legs. The most frequent causes of lameness are: Laminitis, Digital dermatitis, Interdigital dermatitis, Interdigital phlegmon. (13)
List of sources
1. Chris Watson (2007). Lameness in cattle. Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. 175.
2. Brecht Scheirlinck. (2011). Onderzoek naar typische histopathologische kenmerken van de verschillende stadia van dermatitis digitalis .Available: http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/788/864/RUG01-001788864_2012_0001_AC.pdf. Last accessed 26 November 2013.
3. Unknown. (2011). Kengetallen E-30 Fokwaarde klauwgezondheid.Available: https://www.crv4all.nl/over-crv/documentatie/e-hoofdstukken/26118/. Last accessed 9 December 2013.
4. Paul R. Greenough. (2012). Disorders of the interdigital space in cattle. Available: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_cattle/disorders_of_the_interdigital_space_in_cattle.html#v3283652. Last accessed 26 November 2013.
5. Paul R. Greenough. (March 2012 ). Disorders of the Interdigital Space in Cattle. Available:http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_cattle/disorders_of_the_interdigital_space_in_cattle.html. Last accessed 25th december 2013.
6. AABP LAMENESS. INTERDIGITAL HYPERPLASIA (CORN). Available: http://cdrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/AABP-Interdigital-Hyperplasia.pdf. Last accessed 25th of December 2013.
7. Nick Lyons. (31th of March 2011). Interdigital Dermatitis - Cattle. Available: http://en.wikivet.net/Interdigital_Dermatitis_-_Cattle. Last accessed 25th of december 2013.
8. Greenough, P. (2012). Disorders of the interdigital space in cattle. Available: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_cattle/disorders_of_the_interdigital_space_in_cattle.html . Last accessed 26th Nov 2013.
9. Javic, K and Conroy, N. (2003). interdigital necrobacillosis. Available: http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/LAMENESS/footrot.htm. Last accessed 15th Dec 2013.
10. Rodriguez -Lainz, A., Melendez-Retamal, P., Hird, D.W., Reaed, D.H., Walker, R.L. (1999). Farm- and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle. [ONLINE] Available athttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587799000677, [Accessed 24 April 2014]
11. Holzhauer, M., Hardenberg, C., Bartels, C.J.M, Farnkena, K., (2006) Herd and cow level prevalence of Digital Dermatitis in The Netherlands and associated risk factors [pdf] Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands, Available at :<http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2006-0920-200928/c4.pdf > [Accessed 26 April 2014]
12. Blowey. R., 2003. Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, 2e. 2 Edition. Mosby. Laminitis. 2012. Sole Ulcers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dairyco.org.uk/technical-information/animal-health-welfare/lameness/common-problems/sole-ulcer/. [Accessed 27April 2014].
13. Stokka, G., Smith, J.F., Dunham,J.R., van Anne, T., (2011) Lameness in Dairy Cattle. Extension – America’s Research Based Learning Network. Available from: < http://www.extension.org/pages/10855/lameness-in-dairy-cattle#.U5Zr9_nV9Fs> [Last accessed 05 June 2014]
14. Socha, M.T., Johnson, A.B., Schugel, M. (-) Effect of nutrition on claw health. Zinpro Corporation Eden Prairie. Available from:http://www.hooftrimmers.org/pdf/hta_nutrition_and_claw.pdf [Last assessed 05 June 2014]
2. Brecht Scheirlinck. (2011). Onderzoek naar typische histopathologische kenmerken van de verschillende stadia van dermatitis digitalis .Available: http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/788/864/RUG01-001788864_2012_0001_AC.pdf. Last accessed 26 November 2013.
3. Unknown. (2011). Kengetallen E-30 Fokwaarde klauwgezondheid.Available: https://www.crv4all.nl/over-crv/documentatie/e-hoofdstukken/26118/. Last accessed 9 December 2013.
4. Paul R. Greenough. (2012). Disorders of the interdigital space in cattle. Available: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_cattle/disorders_of_the_interdigital_space_in_cattle.html#v3283652. Last accessed 26 November 2013.
5. Paul R. Greenough. (March 2012 ). Disorders of the Interdigital Space in Cattle. Available:http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_cattle/disorders_of_the_interdigital_space_in_cattle.html. Last accessed 25th december 2013.
6. AABP LAMENESS. INTERDIGITAL HYPERPLASIA (CORN). Available: http://cdrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/AABP-Interdigital-Hyperplasia.pdf. Last accessed 25th of December 2013.
7. Nick Lyons. (31th of March 2011). Interdigital Dermatitis - Cattle. Available: http://en.wikivet.net/Interdigital_Dermatitis_-_Cattle. Last accessed 25th of december 2013.
8. Greenough, P. (2012). Disorders of the interdigital space in cattle. Available: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_cattle/disorders_of_the_interdigital_space_in_cattle.html . Last accessed 26th Nov 2013.
9. Javic, K and Conroy, N. (2003). interdigital necrobacillosis. Available: http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/LAMENESS/footrot.htm. Last accessed 15th Dec 2013.
10. Rodriguez -Lainz, A., Melendez-Retamal, P., Hird, D.W., Reaed, D.H., Walker, R.L. (1999). Farm- and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle. [ONLINE] Available athttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587799000677, [Accessed 24 April 2014]
11. Holzhauer, M., Hardenberg, C., Bartels, C.J.M, Farnkena, K., (2006) Herd and cow level prevalence of Digital Dermatitis in The Netherlands and associated risk factors [pdf] Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands, Available at :<http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2006-0920-200928/c4.pdf > [Accessed 26 April 2014]
12. Blowey. R., 2003. Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, 2e. 2 Edition. Mosby. Laminitis. 2012. Sole Ulcers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dairyco.org.uk/technical-information/animal-health-welfare/lameness/common-problems/sole-ulcer/. [Accessed 27April 2014].
13. Stokka, G., Smith, J.F., Dunham,J.R., van Anne, T., (2011) Lameness in Dairy Cattle. Extension – America’s Research Based Learning Network. Available from: < http://www.extension.org/pages/10855/lameness-in-dairy-cattle#.U5Zr9_nV9Fs> [Last accessed 05 June 2014]
14. Socha, M.T., Johnson, A.B., Schugel, M. (-) Effect of nutrition on claw health. Zinpro Corporation Eden Prairie. Available from:http://www.hooftrimmers.org/pdf/hta_nutrition_and_claw.pdf [Last assessed 05 June 2014]